500 MB Nyheder Direkte fra Internet 2/500 MB nyheder direkte fra internet CD 2.iso/start/data/text/windows.txt

Text File | 1994-09-21 | 48KB | 954 lines

              STARTING
  Windows is software that makes an IBM PC (or clone) resemble a
Mac. Windows is published by Microsoft.
  The earliest version of Windows that was good enough to be
popular was Windows 3. Then came a major improvement, called
Windows 3.1.
  Next came Windows 3.11, which is very similar to Windows 3.1.
It lists for $150. Discount dealers sell it for $89. If you
already have Windows 1, 2, or 3, you can upgrade to Windows 3.11
for just $49. It usually comes on 3½-inch high-density floppies;
if you don't have a 3½-inch drive, buy a 5¼-inch version instead.
Windows 3.11 is also available in a souped-up version, called
Windows for Workgroups 3.11.
  Now Microsoft is trying to develop Windows 4, which is quite
different and code-named Chicago.
  This chapter explains Windows 3.1, which is the version most
businesses still use. (If you have Windows 3.11 or Windows for
Workgroups 3.11, follow my instructions for Windows 3.1.) This
chapter also explains how the older version, Windows 3, differs.

         Prepare for Windows
  Before putting Windows 3.1 into your computer, you must buy
MS-DOS (version 3.1 or higher) and fancy hardware. . . .
  CPU Windows requires a fast CPU: a 286, 386, 486, or Pentium.
Moreover, the most advanced parts of Windows refuse to work
unless you buy a 386, 486, or Pentium.
  Hard drive Windows requires a hard drive.
  Floppy drive Since Windows comes on high-density floppy disks,
you'll want a high-density floppy drive: 1.2M or 1.44M. If you
don't have such a drive, you must mail the high-density floppy
disks back to Microsoft and exchange them for low-density floppy
disks.
  RAM Windows 3.1 requires at least 1M of RAM. (Windows 3
requires just 640K.) To run Windows quickly, completely, and
without hassles, you need at least 4M of RAM. Some Windows
programs need even more RAM: 8M!
  Video card Windows requires a graphics video card: Hercules,
CGA, EGA, or VGA. To run Windows pleasantly, get a VGA card and
VGA color monitor; otherwise, the screen's display is crude and
slow.
  Mouse You should buy a mouse. Without a mouse, you must use
awkward keystrokes that are hard to remember.
  Buy the right stuff This chapter assumes you've bought enough
software and hardware to run Windows well: MS-DOS 3.1 or later, a
386 or 486 or Pentium, a hard drive, a high-density floppy drive,
4M of RAM, a VGA color monitor, and a mouse.

    Copy Windows to the hard disk
  Here's how to copy Windows 3.1 to the hard disk. (Windows 3 is
slightly different.)
  Turn on the computer without any floppy in drive A.
Windows 3.1 comes on a set of floppy disks; you get six 3½-inch
disks or seven 5¼-inch disks. When you see the C prompt, put
Windows Disk 1 into drive A and type ``a:''.
                                         The computer will
display an A prompt. Type ``setup''.
                                         The computer will say
``Windows Setup'', then pause, then say ``Welcome to Setup''.
Press ENTER twice.
                                         The computer will say,
``Please insert Disk 2.'' Insert it into drive A and press ENTER.
(If you're using 5¼-inch disks, the computer will then say,
``Please insert Disk 3.'' Insert it and press ENTER.)
                                         The computer will say,
``Please type your full name.'' Type your name. (At the end of
your name, if your copy of Windows is owned by your company,
press TAB and then type your company's name.) At the end of all
your typing, press ENTER twice.
                                         When the computer tells
you, insert additional disks and press ENTER.
                                         After you've inserted
Disk 6 and pressed ENTER, the computer will say ``Select a
printer''. You'll see an alphabetized list of printers. Tap the
down-arrow key several times, until your printer appears on the
screen and is blue. Press ENTER twice. (If you're using 5¼-inch
disks, the computer will then say, ``Please insert Disk 7.''
Insert it and press ENTER.)
                                         The computer will look
for programs on your hard disk. If the computer pauses at a
program and waits for your response, tap the down-arrow key
several times until the program's name is blue, then press ENTER.
                                         On the screen, you'll
see buttons labeled ``Run Tutorial'' and ``Skip Tutorial''.
Choose ``Skip Tutorial'' by pressing the S key.
                                         The computer will say,
``Windows is now set up.'' Press D.
                                         You'll see a C prompt,
like this:
C:\WINDOWS>
Turn off the computer, so you can start fresh.

                                                    Run Windows
                                         To run Windows, turn on
the computer without any floppy disk in drive A. When you see the
C prompt, type ``win'' (and press ENTER).
                                         A box containing
information is called a window. You see this window:
╔═══╤══════════════════════════════════════════════╤═══╤═══╗
║ ─ │                Program Manager               │  │  ║
╟───┴──────────────────────────────────────────────┴───┴───╢
║ File   Options   Window   Help                           ║
╟──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╢
║                                                          ║
║                                                          ║
║                                                          ║
║                                                          ║
║                                                          ║
║                                                          ║
║                                                          ║
║                                                          ║
╚══════════════════════════════════════════════════════════╝
On the window's top line, you see the window's title: ``Program
Manager''. That tells you the window is called the Program
Manager window.
                                         In the middle of that
big window, you might see a small window, such as the Main
window:
 ╔═══╤════════════════════════════╤═══╤═══╗
 ║ ─ │            Main            │  │  ║
 ╟───┴────────────────────────────┴───┴───╢
 ║                                        ║
 ║                                        ║
 ║                                        ║
 ║                                        ║
 ║                                        ║
 ╚════════════════════════════════════════╝
If you see the Main window (or another small window), do this:
while holding down the Ctrl key, tap the F4 key. That makes the
small window disappear, so the only window on the screen is the
Program Manager window.

         Position the mouse
  Look at the computer's mouse. The mouse's tail is a cable that
runs from the mouse to the computer. The area where the tail
meets the mouse is called the mouse's ass.
  The mouse's underside ___ its belly ___ has a hole in it, and a
ball in the hole.
  Put the mouse on your desk and directly in front of your right
arm. Make the mouse lie flat (so its ball rubs against the desk).
Make the mouse face you so you don't see its ass.

           Move the arrow
  Move the mouse across your desk. As you move the mouse,
remember to keep it flat and facing you.
  On the screen, you'll see an arrow, which is called the mouse
pointer. As you move the mouse, the arrow moves also. If you move
the mouse to the left, the arrow moves to the left. If you move
the mouse to the right, the arrow moves to the right. If you move
the mouse toward you, the arrow moves down. If you move the mouse
away from you, the arrow moves up.
  Practice moving the arrow by moving the mouse. Remember to keep
the mouse facing you at all times.
  If you want to move the arrow far and your desk is small, move
the mouse until it reaches the desk's edge; then lift the mouse
off the desk, lay the mouse gently on the middle of the desk, and
rub the mouse across the desk in the same direction as before.

         Choose from a menu
  The most important part of the arrow is its tip, which is
called the hot spot.
  For an experiment, move the arrow so its hot spot (tip) is in
the middle of the word ``File''. When you do that, you're
pointing at the word ``File''.
  On the top of the mouse, you'll see 2 or 3 rectangular buttons
you can press. The main button is the one on the left. That's the
only button Windows uses. Tapping it is called clicking. So to
click, tap the left button.
  While you're pointing at the word ``File'', click (by tapping
the left button). That's called clicking ``File''.
  When you click ``File'', you'll see this File menu:
New...
Open
Move...
Copy...
Delete
Properties...
Run...
Exit Windows...

                                         In that menu, the bottom
choice is ``Exit Windows''. If you choose ``Exit Windows'', the
computer will stop using Windows.
                                         Try it! Click ``Exit
Windows'' (by moving the arrow there and then tapping the left
button). You'll see this window:
╔═══╤═════════════════════════════════════╗
║ ─ │            Exit Windows             ║
╟───┴─────────────────────────────────────╢
║   This will end your Windows session.   ║
║      ╔══════════╗    ┌──────────┐       ║
║      ║    OK    ║    │  Cancel  │       ║
║      ╚══════════╝    └──────────┘       ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════╝
                                         If you want to exit from
Windows and make the screen show a C prompt, click ``OK'' (by
moving the arrow there and then clicking). If you do not want to
exit from Windows, click ``Cancel'' instead.
                                         That whole procedure for
exiting from Windows can be summarized in one sentence:
Choose ``Exit Windows'' from the File menu, then click OK.
                                         Try that procedure!
Notice it involves these three steps. . . .
                                         Step 1: choose from a
menu bar The first step is to choose ``File'' from this menu:
╓──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╖
║ File   Options   Window   Help                           ║
╙──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────╜
That menu's in a horizontal box. The box is called a menu bar.
                                         To choose a word (such
as ``File'') from a menu bar, you can use three methods:
Mouse method: by using the mouse, click the word you want.

Arrow-key method: move to the menu (by tapping the Alt key), move
to the word you want (by pressing the right-arrow key several
times, if necessary), then press ENTER.

Underlined-letter method: move to the menu (by tapping the Alt
key), then type the word's underlined letter (for example, type
the F in ``File'').
                                         The mouse method is the
simplest. Use the other methods if your mouse is broken or
missing or makes your flesh crawl.
                                         Step 2: choose from a
pull-down menu After you choose ``File'', this menu appears
underneath ``File'':
New...
Open
Move...
Copy...
Delete
Properties...
Run...
Exit Windows...
That menu is a vertical list that ``falls down'' from the word
``File''. It's called a pull-down menu.
                                         To choose a command
(such as ``Exit Windows'') from a pull-down menu, you can use the
same three methods:
Mouse method: by using the mouse, click the command you want.

Arrow-key method: move to the command you want (by pressing the
down-arrow key several times), then press ENTER.

Underlined-letter method: type the underlined letter (for
example, type the x in ``Exit Windows'').
  Step 3: choose from a dialog box After you choose ``Exit
Windows'', this window appears:
╔═══╤═════════════════════════════════════╗
║ ─ │            Exit Windows             ║
╟───┴─────────────────────────────────────╢
║   This will end your Windows session.   ║
║      ╔══════════╗    ┌──────────┐       ║
║      ║    OK    ║    │  Cancel  │       ║
║      ╚══════════╝    └──────────┘       ║
╚═════════════════════════════════════════╝
That window warns that you're about to exit from Windows and asks
you whether you're sure. If you're sure you want to exit from
Windows, click ``OK''; otherwise, click ``Cancel''.
  Since that window lets the computer chat with you about your
intentions, it's called a dialog box. (According to English
teachers, it ought to be called a ``dialogue box'', but computer
nerds refuse to type the ``ue''.)
  In the dialog box, each major choice (such as ``OK'' and
``Cancel'') is called a button. Each button looks like a
rectangle. Usually the ``OK'' button is highlighted (its sides
are made of doubled or thickened lines).
  To communicate with the computer, press one of the buttons. To
press a button, you can use two methods:
Mouse method: by using the mouse, click the button you want.

ENTER method: to press the highlighted button (which is usually
``OK''), press ENTER; to press a different button instead, move
to it (by pressing the TAB key several times) so the button is
highlighted, then press ENTER.
  Here's a short cut: to press the ``Cancel'' button, just press
the Esc key (which means ``Escape and Cancel'').
  Three dots Notice that the bottom of the File menu says ``Exit
Windows...''. The three dots (...) tell you that if you choose
that command, you'll encounter a dialog box.

                 Resize a window
  You can make a window be three sizes: maximum, normal, or
minimum.
A maximum window consumes the whole screen.
A normal window fills about half the screen.
A minimum window is shrunk so it's just a teeny-weeny cute
picture, called an icon.

The symbol for maximum is  (a triangle pointing up).
The symbol for minimum is  (a triangle pointing down).
The symbol for normal is  (a pair of balanced triangles).
  If a window is normal, its upper-right corner contains the
symbols  and . Using your mouse, click  to make the window
become minimum; click  to make the window become maximum.
  If a window is maximum, its upper-right corner contains the
symbols for minimum and normal. Click one of those symbols to
make the window change size.
  If a window is minimum, it's just a tiny picture ___ an icon.
Try clicking that icon. Then you'll see a menu. From the menu,
choose Maximize (to make the window become maximum) or Restore
(to make the window become whatever size it was previously).
  Try it! Make the Program Manager's window become maximum,
minimum, and normal again.

                      Drag
  To drag an object, point at it (by using the mouse), then hold
down the mouse's left button, and while you keep that button
down, move the mouse.
  For example, try this experiment. Make the Program Manager's
window be minimum, so it's just an icon. Point at the icon (by
using the mouse), then hold down the mouse's left button, and
while you keep that button down, move the mouse. As you move the
mouse, the icon moves. You can drag the icon anywhere on the
screen! Try it! Here's the rule: if a window is minimum (so it's
just an icon), and you want to move it to a different part of the
screen, drag it.
                                                     Here's
another experiment to try. Make the Program Manager's window be
normal, so it fills about half the screen. At the top of that
window, you'll see the words ``Program Manager''. Those words are
called the window's title. Point at that title (``Program
Manager''), then drag it to a different part of the screen (by
holding down the mouse's button as you move the mouse). As you
drag the title, you'll also be automatically dragging the entire
window. Here's the rule: to move a normal window, drag its title.
                                                     A normal
window is a rectangle. To change its width, drag its right-hand
edge. To change its height, drag its bottom edge. To change its
width and height simultaneously, drag its lower-right corner.
                                                     Try it! Make
the Program Manager be a normal window, then change its width and
height by dragging its edges and lower-right corner.

                                                         Scroll arrows
                                                     Here's
another series of experiments to try.
                                                     Make the
Program Manager be a maximum window, so it consumes the whole
screen. Inside that big window, you'll see five icons (little
pictures), called Accessories, Games, StartUp, Applications, and
Main. (You'll see the StartUp icon in Windows 3.1 but not Windows
3.) If somebody else was using the computer, you might see some
extra icons.
                                                     Make the
Program Manager be a normal window (so it fills about half the
screen). You'll probably still see those icons in the Program
Manager window.
                                                     Make the
Program Manager's window be smaller, by dragging its edges or
lower-right corner. Make the window too small to hold all the
icons, so you see just some of the icons. Instead of seeing
everything that belongs in the Window, you're seeing just a
partial view.
                                                     When you're
seeing a partial view, you see arrows near the window's corners.
By clicking the arrows, you can shift your view. To see icons
that are farther to the right, click the right-arrow. (To see
icons that are even farther to the right, click the right-arrow
again. To see icons that are very far to the right, click the
right-arrow repeatedly ___ or point at the right-arrow and then
hold down the mouse's left button awhile.) To see icons that are
farther to the left, click the left-arrow; to see icons that are
higher, click the up-arrow; to see icons that are lower, click
the down-arrow.
                                                     Try it!
Click those arrows! They're called scroll arrows.

             ACCESSORIES
  Make the Program Manager window be rather large, so it consumes
most of the screen but not the top quarter of the screen. In that
window, look for the Accessories icon. (If you don't see that
icon, adjust the window by using the scroll arrows.) Double-click
the Accessories icon. (To double-click the icon, move the arrow
to the icon, then tap the mouse's left button twice quickly, so
the two taps are less than .3 seconds apart.)
  You'll see the Accessories window. In that window, you'll see
13 icons: Write, Paintbrush, Terminal, Notepad, Recorder,
Cardfile, Calendar, Calculator, Clock, Object Packager, Character
Map, Media Player, and Sound Recorder. Each of those icons is
called an accessory, because it's an extra ``jewel'' that comes
with Windows at no extra charge. (The last 4 icons are in Windows
3.1 but not Windows 3.)
  The following accessories are the most useful.

                Clock
  To use the Clock, double-click the Clock icon. You'll see the
Clock window, with a picture of a clock in it.
  You can choose two kinds of clocks. An analog clock has an hour
hand, minute hand, and second hand. A digital clock has no hands:
it shows just digits.
  The first time you (or your colleagues) ask for the clock,
Windows 3.1 shows a digital clock; Windows 3 shows an analog
clock.
  To switch from digital to analog, choose Analog from the
Settings menu. (To do that, click the word ``Settings'', then
click the word ``Digital''.)
  To switch back to a digital clock, choose Digital from the
Settings menu.
  The clock normally shows the correct time. (If the clock's time
is wrong, here's how to reset it: exit from Windows, then give
the ``time'' command from the DOS prompt.)
  If you're using Windows 3.1 instead of Windows 3, the clock
also shows the date.
  The clock keeps on ticking ___ silently. If you want to put
yourself into a trance, watch the analog clock's second hand
move. (It's better than counting sheep.)
  If you want the clock to be larger, maximize its window by
clicking . Then the clock will fill the whole screen. That's how
to turn your entire $2,000 computer into a $2 clock! But hey,
it's a high-tech clock! To freak out your friends, hide the
keyboard and system unit under the desk, so your friends see just
the screen displaying the analog clock. That high-tech clock for
rich people belongs to a style of art called ``nouveau kitsch ___
the Rolex for the thinking bitch''.
  If you want the clock to be tiny, minimize its window by
clicking . Then the clock will be a tiny icon. Even though it's
tiny, it still runs! Though it's too tiny to show the seconds, it
still shows the correct hour and minutes.
                                         Close When you finish
using the clock, close it. Here's how.
                                         Make the Clock window be
normal or maximum. In the Clock window's upper-left corner,
you'll see a square containing a horizontal bar:
┌───┐
│ ─ │
└───┘
That square is called the control box. When you finish using the
Clock window, double-click the control box. That makes the Clock
window disappear.

                                                    Calculator
                                         To use the Calculator,
double-click the Calculator icon. You'll see the Calculator
window, containing a picture of a pocket calculator.
                                         To compute 42+5, click
the calculator's 4 key (by using the mouse to point at the 4 key
and then clicking), then click 2, then +, then 5, then =. The
calculator will show the answer, 47.
                                         Instead of using the
mouse, you can do that calculation a different way, by using the
computer's keyboard. Try it! On the computer's keyboard, tap the
4 key, then the 2 key, then (while holding down the SHIFT key)
the + key, then 5, then =. The calculator will show 47.
                                         Try fancier
calculations, by pressing these calculator buttons:
Button                                       Meaning
+                                            plus
-                                            minus
*                                            times
/                                            divided by
=                                            total
.                                            decimal point
C                                            clear
Back                                         backspace
                                         You can choose two kinds
of calculators. A standard calculator is small and cute: it does
just arithmetic. A scientific calculator is big and imposing: it
includes extra buttons, so you can do advanced math.
                                         The first time you (or
your colleagues) ask for the calculator, the computer shows a
standard calculator (small and cute). If you want the calculator
to be scientific instead, choose Scientific from the View menu.
(To do that, click the word ``View'', then click the word
``Scientific''.) Then you'll see extra buttons, such as these:
Button                                       Meaning
PI                                           pi (which is
3.14159265359)
x^2                                          squared
x^3                                          cubed
n!                                           factorial
                                         For example, if you
click the PI button, the computer will say 3.14159265359. If you
click the 7 button and then say ``squared'' (by pressing the x^2
button), the computer will multiply 7 by itself and say 49 (which
is called ``7 squared''). If you click the 7 button and then say
``cubed'' (by pressing the x^3 button), the computer will do ``7
times 7 times 7'' and say 343 (which is called ``7 cubed''). If
you click the 7 button and then say ``factorial'' (by pressing
the n! button), the computer will multiply together all the
numbers up to 7 (1 times 2 times 3 times 4 times 5 times 6 times
7) and say 5040 (which is called ``7 factorial'').
  The scientific calculator also contains buttons that help you
handle big exponents, logarithms, trigonometry, statistics,
hexadecimal numbers, and assembly-language programming. I'll
explain the mathematical concepts behind those buttons later, on
page 384 (exponents), 385 (logarithms), 396 (trigonometry), 573
(hexadecimal numbers), and 584 (assembly-language programming).
If you're adventurous, just go push buttons and see what happens:
no matter which button you press, the computer won't blow up!
More details are in the Microsoft Windows User's Guide, which you
sometimes get free when you buy Windows. (In that Guide, see
pages 409-420 if you're using Windows 3.1; see pages 357-369 if
you're using Windows 3.)
  After making the calculator be scientific, you can make it
become standard again by choosing Standard from the View menu.
  When you finish using the calculator, double-click its control
box.

                Write
  When you buy Windows, you get a word-processing program free!
That word-processing program is called Write. It's one of the
Windows accessories.
  To use Write, double-click the Write icon. You'll see the Write
window. Maximize it by clicking .
  Now you can do word processing: you can type words and
sentences simply. Try it! Type whatever sentences you wish to
make up. For example, try typing a memo to your friends, or a
story, or a poem. Be creative! Whatever you type is called a
document.
  Use the keyboard The following hints will help you type. . . .
  To capitalize a letter of the alphabet, type that letter while
holding down the SHIFT key. (One SHIFT key is next to the Z key;
the other SHIFT key is next to the ? key. Each SHIFT key has an
up-arrow on it.)
  To capitalize a whole passage, tap the CAPS LOCK key, then type
the passage. The computer will automatically capitalize the
passage as you type it. When you finish typing the passage, tap
the CAPS LOCK key again: that tells the computer to stop
capitalizing.
  If you make a mistake, press the BACKSPACE key. That makes the
computer erase the last character you typed. (The BACKSPACE key
is in the upper-right corner of the keyboard's main section. It's
to the right of the + key, and it has a left-arrow on it.)
  To erase the last two characters you typed, press the BACKSPACE
key twice.
  If you're typing near the screen's right edge, and you type a
word that's too long to fit on the screen, the computer will
automatically move the word to the line below.
  When you finish a paragraph, press the ENTER key. That makes
the computer move to the line underneath so you can start typing
the next paragraph.
  If you want to double-space between the paragraphs, press the
ENTER key twice.
  If you want to indent a line (such as the first line of a
paragraph), begin the line by pressing the TAB key. The computer
will indent the line a half inch.
  Scroll through documents If your document contains too many
lines to fit on the screen, the screen will show just part of the
document. To see the rest of the document, click the scroll
arrows.
                                         Insert characters To
insert extra characters anywhere in your document, click where
you want the extra characters to appear (by moving the mouse's
pointer there and then pressing the mouse's button). Then type
the extra characters.
                                         For example, suppose you
typed the word ``fat'' and want to change it to ``fault''. Click
between the ``a'' and the ``t'', then type ``ul''.
                                         (When you're using
Windows, notice that you click between letters, not on letters.)
                                         As you type the extra
characters, the screen's other characters move out of the way to
make room for the extra characters.
                                         While you're inserting
the extra characters, you can erase nearby mistakes by pressing
the BACKSPACE key or DELETE key. The BACKSPACE key erases the
character that's before the mouse's pointer. The DELETE key
erases the character that's after the mouse's pointer.
                                         Movement keys To move to
different parts of your document, you can use your mouse. To move
faster, press these keys instead:
Key you press                                        Where the
pointer will move
right-arrow                                          right to the
next character
left-arrow                                           left to the
previous character

down-arrow                                           down to the
line below
up-arrow                                             up to the
line above

END                                                  right to the
end of the line
HOME                                                 left to the
beginning of the line

PAGE DOWN                                            down to the
next screenful
PAGE UP                                              up to the
previous screenful

Ctrl with right-arrow                                right (to
next word or punctuation symbol)
Ctrl with left-arrow                                 left (to
beginning of a word or punctuation)

Ctrl with PAGE DOWN                                  down to the
screen's bottom line
Ctrl with PAGE UP                                    up to the
screen's top line

Ctrl with END                                        down to the
end of the document
Ctrl with HOME                                       up to the
beginning of the document

  Menu bar While you're using Write, the top of the screen shows
this menu bar:
┌────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
──────────────┐
│ File   Edit   Find   Character   Paragraph   Document   Help
│
└────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
──────────────┘
(If you're using Write 3 instead of 3.1, the menu bar says Search
instead of Find.)
  Let's use that menu bar. . . .
  Underline Here's how to underline a phrase (like this). Choose
Underline from the Character menu. Type the phrase. Then choose
Regular from the Character menu.
  (Write 3's Character menu says ``Normal'' instead of
``Regular''.)
  Bold Here's how to make a phrase be bold (like this). Choose
Bold from the Character menu. Type the phrase. Then choose
Regular from the Character menu.
  Here's how to make a phrase be bold and underlined (like this).
Choose Bold from the Character menu. Choose Underline from the
Character menu. Type the phrase. Then choose Regular from the
Character menu.
  Italics Here's how to italicize a phrase (like this). Choose
Italics from the Character menu. Type the phrase. Then choose
Regular from the Character menu. (That technique works only if
your printer can italicize.)
  Select text Here's how to edit a phrase you typed.
  First, make the phrase turn black, by using one of these
methods:
Method 1: to blacken just one word, double-click in the middle of
the word.
Method 2: to blacken a sentence, click in the middle of the
sentence while holding down the Ctrl key.
Method 3: to blacken a whole line, click the screen's left edge,
left of the line.
Method 4: to blacken a whole paragraph, double-click the screen's
left edge, left of the paragraph.
Method 5: to blacken the whole document, click the screen's left
edge while holding down the Ctrl key.
Method 6: to blacken any phrase, point at the phrase's beginning,
then drag to the phrase's end.
Method 7: click the phrase's beginning; then while holding down
the SHIFT key, click the phrase's end.
Method 8: by using the movement keys, move to the phrase's
beginning; then while holding down the SHIFT key, use the
movement keys to move to the phrase's end.
Turning the phrase black is called selecting the phrase.
  Then say what to do to the phrase. For example, choose one of
these activities:
To underline the phrase, choose Underline from the Character
menu.
To make the phrase be bold, choose Bold from the Character menu.
To italicize the phrase, choose Italics from the Character menu.
To erase the phrase, press the DELETE key.
To replace the phrase, just type whatever words you want the
phrase to become.

To copy the phrase (so it appears twice), do this:
while holding down the Alt key, click where you want the copy to
appear.

To move the phrase (so it appears just in the new location), do
this:
while holding down the Alt and SHIFT keys, click where you want
the phrase to appear.
  Center Here's how to center a title. Choose Centered from the
Paragraph menu. Type the title. At the end of the title, press
ENTER. Then choose Normal from the Paragraph menu.
  Here's how to center a title you typed previously: click
anywhere in the title, then choose Center from the Paragraph
menu. Here's how to uncenter a title you typed previously: click
anywhere in the title, then choose Normal from the Paragraph
menu.
  Save To copy the document onto the disk, choose Save from the
File menu.
  Then invent a name for your document. The name must be short:
no more than 8 letters. For example, the name can be ``jennifer''
or ``al''. Type the name you wish and press ENTER.
  That makes the computer copy the document onto the hard disk.
For example, if you named the document ``jennifer'', the computer
will put in your hard disk's WINDOWS subdirectory a file called
``JENNIFER.WRI'', which means ``JENNIFER created by the WRIte
program''.
  Afterwards, if you change your mind and want to do more
editing, go ahead! Edit the document some more. When you finish
that editing, save it by choosing Save from the File menu again.
  Print To copy the document onto paper, choose Print from the
File menu, then press ENTER.

  Finish When you finish working on a document, choose New, Open,
or Exit from the File menu.
  If you choose New, the computer will let you start typing a new
document. If you choose Open and then double-click the name of an
old document, the computer will put that document onto the screen
and let you edit it. If you choose Exit, the computer will stop
using Write and let you use a different accessory instead.
  Before the computer obeys New, Open, or Exit, it checks whether
you saved your document. If you didn't save your document, the
computer asks, ``Save current changes?'' If you click ``Yes'',
the computer copies your document's most recent version to the
hard disk; if you click ``No'' instead, the computer ignores and
forgets your most recent editing.

             Paintbrush
  When you buy Windows, you get a paint program free! That
program, called Paintbrush, lets you paint pictures. It's one of
the Windows accessories.
  To use Paintbrush, double-click the Paintbrush icon. You'll see
the Paintbrush window. Maximize it by clicking .
  Move the mouse pointer to the screen's middle. Then drag (move
the mouse while holding down the mouse's left button). As you
drag, you'll be drawing a squiggle.
  For example, try drawing a smile. To do that, put the mouse
pointer where you want the smile to begin (at the smile's
upper-left corner), then depress the mouse's left button while
you draw the smile. When you finish drawing the smile, lift the
mouse's button. Then draw the rest of the face!
  Colors When you draw, you're normally drawing in black.
  At the screen's bottom, you'll see 28 colors: red, yellow,
green, etc. To draw in one of those colors instead of in black,
click the color you want.
  Line Here's how to draw a line that's perfectly straight.
  At the left side of the screen, you'll see many icons. One of
the icons is a diagonal line. Click it. Put the mouse pointer in
the screen's middle, where you want the line to begin, and drag
to where you want the line to end.
  When you finish drawing lines and want to draw squiggles
instead, click the brush icon (which is above the line icon).
  Rectangle Here's how to draw a rectangle whose sides are
perfectly straight.
  At the left side of the screen, you'll see two icons that are
rectangles. Click the left rectangle.
  Put the mouse pointer in the screen's middle, where you want
the rectangle's top left corner to be. Drag to where you want the
rectangle's opposite corner.
  Spray Here's how to vandalize your own drawing, by using a can
of spray paint!
  At the left side of the screen, you'll see an icon that's a can
of spray paint. Click it. Put the mouse in the screen's middle,
where you want to begin spraying, and drag!
  Erase To erase a mistake, click the simple eraser icon, which
is above the brush icon.
  Then drag across the part of your drawing that you want to
erase. The part you drag across will become white.
  Thickness At the screen's lower-left corner, you'll see eight
horizontal lines, ranging from ``thin'' to ``thick''. Click the
thickness you want.
  For example, if you click the thickest line, everything you
draw will be very thick. Your squiggles, lines, and rectangles
will all be very thick ___ as if you were using a brush that's
very thick and wide. The eraser will be thick and wide too, and
so will the nozzle on the can of spray paint.
                                         Save To copy your
drawing onto the disk, choose Save from the File menu.
                                         Then invent a name for
your document. The name must be short: no more than 8 letters.
For example, the name can be ``jennifer'' or ``al''. Type the
name you wish and press ENTER.
                                         That makes the computer
copy the document onto the hard disk. For example, if you named
the document ``jennifer'', the computer will put in your hard
disk's WINDOWS subdirectory a file called ``JENNIFER.BMP'', which
means ``JENNIFER the Bit MaP''. (A bit map is a picture made of
many itty-bitty dots.)
                                         Afterwards, if you
change your mind and want to improve the drawing, go ahead! When
you finish making improvements, save them by choosing Save from
the File menu again.
                                         Print To copy the
drawing onto paper, choose Print from the File menu, then press
ENTER.
                                         Unfortunately, the
typical printer can't print colors. It prints black-and-white
instead.
                                         Instead of printing a
dark color (such as blue), the printer will print black. Instead
of printing a light color (such as yellow), the printer will
print white.
                                         Finish When you finish
fiddling with a drawing, choose New, Open, or Exit from the File
menu.
                                         If you choose New, the
computer will let you start a new drawing. If you choose Open and
then double-click the name of an old drawing, the computer will
put that drawing onto the screen. If you choose Exit, the
computer will exit from Paintbrush so you can use a different
accessory instead.
                                         If you say New, Open, or
Exit without saving your drawing, the computer asks, ``Save
current changes?'' If you click ``Yes'', the computer copies your
drawing to the hard disk; if you click ``No'' instead, the
computer ignores and forgets your recent drawing efforts.
              Calendar
  To use the Calendar, double-click the Calendar icon. You'll see
the Calendar window. Near the top of the window, you'll see the
current time and date. (If the time and date are wrong, here's
how to reset them: exit from Windows, then give the ``time'' and
``date'' commands from the DOS prompt.)
  Choose Month from the View menu. You'll see a calendar of the
entire month. On that calendar, today's date is blackened and
surrounded by the symbols > and <.
  Near the top of the window, you'll see a left-arrow icon and a
right-arrow icon. To see a calendar of next month, click the
right-arrow icon. To see a calendar of the month after that,
click the right-arrow icon again. By clicking the right-arrow
icon repeatedly, you can see the calendar of any month in the
future (up through the year 2099).
  To see a calendar of the previous month, click the left-arrow
icon. By clicking the left-arrow icon repeatedly, you can see any
month in the past (back through 1980).
  When you finish using the calendar, choose Exit from the
Calendar's File menu.

                Close
  When you finish using the accessories, close the Accessories
window by double-clicking its control box.


                   MAIN WINDOW
  Make the Program Manager window be normal.
  In that window, you'll see the Main icon. Double-click it.
  You'll see the Main window, which contains 8 icons: File
Manager, Control Panel, Print Manager, Clipboard Viewer, MS-DOS
Prompt, Windows Setup, PIF Editor, and Read Me. (The last two are
in Windows 3.1 but not Windows 3.)
  Here's how to use the icons that are popular.

                  MS-DOS Prompt
  The following trick lets you leave Windows temporarily, give a
DOS command, and then return to Windows.
  Double-click the DOS Prompt icon. The computer will say:
C:\WINDOWS>
Then give any DOS commands you wish. (For example, if you type
``dir'' and press ENTER, the computer will show you a directory.)
  When you finish playing with DOS commands, type ``exit'' (and
press ENTER). The computer will return to Windows, and you'll see
the Main window again.
  Here's a summary of what I said: if you double-click the DOS
Prompt icon, the computer lets you type DOS commands until you
type ``exit''. Notice that the computer keeps waiting for you to
type ``exit''. If you never type ``exit'', the computer gets
frustrated. Make your computer happy: type ``exit'', so the
computer can return to Windows and breathe a sigh of relief.
  So if you're using Windows and want to give DOS commands, you
can use two methods.
Method 1: leave Windows temporarily (by double-clicking the DOS
Prompt icon), then give DOS commands, then type ``exit'' to
return to Windows.

Method 2: leave Windows permanently. To do that, choose Exit
Windows from the Program Manager's File menu (or double-click the
Program Manager's control box).

                  File Manager
  To manipulate the files on your hard disk, double-click the
File Manager icon.
  You'll see the File Manager window and the Directory Tree
window.
  In the Directory Tree window, you'll see the names of your hard
disk's subdirectories. The names are in alphabetical order.
  By using your keyboard's up-arrow and down-arrow keys, move the
cursor to the subdirectory that interests you. (For example, try
moving the cursor to the WINDOWS subdirectory.) Then press ENTER.
  You'll see the names of your files in the subdirectory. The
names are in alphabetical order. Move the cursor to the file that
interests you. (For Windows 3, move the cursor by using the
keyboard's arrow keys; for Windows 3.1, move the cursor by using
the mouse.)
  For example, try moving the cursor to a file you invented, such
as JENNIFER.WPI.
  Then say what to do to the file. Choose one of these
activities:
To delete the file, press the DELETE key. Then press ENTER twice.

To peek at the file, press ENTER. When you finish peeking at the
file, double-click the file's close box.

To rename the file, choose Rename from the File menu. Then type
the new name you're inventing (such as JENNY.WRI). Make sure you
type the correct three-letter ending: for example, type ``.WRI''
at the end of a Write document's name; type ``.BMP'' at the end
of a Paintbrush drawing's name. After typing the three-letter
ending, press ENTER.
  When you finish using the File Manager, choose Exit from the
File menu.

            Control Panel
  To change how Windows acts, double-click the Control Panel
icon.
  You'll see the Control Panel window, which contains 12 icons:
Color, Fonts, Ports, Mouse, Desktop, Keyboard, Printers,
International, Date/Time, 386 Enhanced, Drivers, and Sound. (The
Drivers icon is in Windows 3.1 but not Windows 3. The 386
Enhanced icon appears only if you have a 386 or 486 with at least
2 megabytes of RAM.)
  Here's how to use icons that are popular.
  Date/Time To reset the date and time without leaving Windows,
double-click the Date/Time icon.
  The computer will say what it thinks the date and time are. If
the computer is wrong, click the part of the date or time you
want to change.
  To the right of where you clicked, you'll see an up-arrow and a
down-arrow. To make the date or time later, click the up-arrow;
to make the date or time earlier, click the down-arrow.
  When the date and time look correct, click ``OK''.
  Color To change the screen's colors, double-click the Color
icon. You'll see the Color window. Near that window's top-right
corner, you'll see an arrow pointing down at a hyphen. Click that
arrow.
  You'll see this list of color schemes:
Windows Default
Arizona
Black Leather Jacket
Bordeaux
Cinnamon
Designer
Emerald City
Fluorescent
Hotdog Stand
LCD Default Screen Settings
LCD Reversed - Dark
LCD Reversed - Light
Mahogany
Monochrome
Ocean
Pastel
Patchwork
Plasma PS
Rugby
The Blues
Tweed
Valentine
Wingtips
(Some are missing from Windows 3.)
  Press your keyboard's HOME key (to make sure you're at the top
of the list). Tap your keyboard's down-arrow key several times,
until you reach your favorite color scheme. Then press ENTER. All
the screen's colors will change and become your favorites!
  Printers If you bought a font cartridge for your laser printer,
tell the computer which font cartridge you bought. To do that,
double-click the Printers icon.
  You'll see the Printers window. If you're using Windows 3,
click the word ``Configure''.
  Click the word ``Setup''. At the screen's lower-left corner,
you'll see a list of font cartridges. (To see the bottom of the
list, click the scroll arrow next to it.) Click the cartridge you
bought. Click ``OK''.
  For Windows 3, click ``OK'' twice more; for Windows 3.1, click
``Close''.
  Close When you finish using the Control Panel window, close it
by double-clicking its control box.
                                                       Close
                                         When you finish using
the Main window, close it by double-clicking its control box.